Maud Russell Lorraine Freshel (1867—1949) was a Boston socialite, designer, and vegetarianism activist. She also went by her initials, M. R. L., which she later spelled Emarel.
Maud Russella Lorraine Carpenter was born in 1867 in West Virginia the daughter of Mary Amaryllis "Emma" Bower and Russell Carpenter. She grew up in Chicago and graduated from Organtz College. She married Ernest R. Sharpe of Boston. In 1917, she married Curtis P. Freshel.
Freshel was an anti-vivisectionist, Christian Science practitioner, and vegetarian. She authored the vegetarian cook-book The Golden Rule Cookbook. In 1917, she resigned from the Christian Science church because it supported the entry of the United States into World War I.
Freshel and her husband were friends of George Bernard Shaw, during their travels to England they were occasional guests at his house.
Freshel founded the Millennium Guild in 1912, the first animal rights organization in the United States. The Guild promoted faux fur as an alternative to fur fabrics and recommended a vegetarian diet for ethical reasons. It hosted Thanksgiving dinners at the Copley Plaza hotel in Boston. The Guild's most notable supporter was stage actress Minnie Maddern Fiske.
Members of the Guild wore cotton clothes and avoided all animal-based clothing. By 1913, the Guild reported 200 members. The goal of the organization was to "teach the foremost among the unnecessary evils of the world, and one which underlies most of the other evils, is the mutilation and slaughter of our fellow creatures for food and other selfish ends."
Curtis founded the Millennium Food Company to produce meat substitutes and non-animal foods. Its most successful product was Bakon Yeast, made from hickory smoke. After Freshel died her husband Curtis controlled the Guild and after his death the organization was directed by Pegeen Fitzgerald.
Mrs. Freshel is traditionally held to be responsible for the original designs of the Wisteria and Pond Lily Tiffany lamps that won the grand prize at the 1902 Prima Exposizione d’Arte Decoration Moderna in Turin, Italy. In 1900, she commissioned Louis Comfort Tiffany to decorate her home in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts. Included in her sketches was a lampshade modeled after the wisteria that grew there. It is presumed that she exchanged the commercial rights to the design for a reduced fee on the work. However, the recent discovery of Clara Driscoll's letters suggests instead that Driscoll may have been responsible for the Wisteria design.
She designed a Swiss chalet style house for her neighbors Mr. and Mrs. John G. "Jack" Ramsbottom at 86 Commonwealth Avenue in Chestnut Hill. This and her own Tudor style house at 74 were acquired and gutted by Boston College and known as the Philomatheia Club and Alumni Hall, respectively. They were razed in 1988 to make way for dormitories.
Complete article available at this page.
This post have 0 komentar
EmoticonEmoticon